常用命令
- 显示已安装的软件包列表：=dpkg -l=
- gbk编码访问bbs：=luit -encoding gbk telnet bbs.xxx.xxx.xx=
- 列出块设备：=lsblk=
- 打印当前系统的全部相关信息：=uname -a=
- 显示已执行命令：=history=
- 打开pdf文件：=evince test.pdf=
- 查看ip：=ip addr show=
Note of Linux Command Line and Shell Scripting
man mannual
pwd present working directory
cd change directory
The single dot ( . ) to represent the current directory The double dot ( .. ) to represent the parent directory
cd ../../etc
ls list
ls -F The -F parameter flags the directories with a forward slash ( /
), to help identify them in the listing, it flags executable files (like
the my\script file in the preceding code) with an asterisk ( * ).
ls -R recursive
ls -a all
文件名上的单引号: 有空格或需要转义的字符
常用组合: ls -alF
ls -l long listing format.
The file type — such as directory ( d ), file ( - ), linked file ( l ), character device ( c ), or block device ( b ) The file permissions (see Chapter 6) The number of file hard links (See the section "Linking Files" in Chapter 7.) The file owner usernameThe file primary group name The file byte size The last time the file was modified The filename or directory name
A question mark ( ? ) to represent one character An asterisk ( * ) to represent any number of characters
$ ls -l my\scr[ai]pt -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 13:25 my\scrapt -rwxrw-r— 1 christine christine 54 May 21 11:26 my\script
$ ls -l f[a-i]ll -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 13:44 fall -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 13:44 fell -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 13:44 fill
$ ls -l f[!a]ll -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 13:44 fell -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 13:44 fill -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 13:44 full
touch : change file timestamps
cp test\one test\two ls -l test\* -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 14:35 test\one -rw-rw-r— 1 christine christine 0 May 21 15:15 test\two
It is best to add the -i option to force the shell to ask whether you want to overwrite a file:
cp -i test\one home/christine/Documents
If you need to copy a file with a long source object name to your present working directory, the single dot can simplify the task: $ cp -i /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf .
cp -R Scripts/ Mod\Scripts
You can also use wildcard metacharacters in your cp commands: $ cp *script Mod\Scripts/
mv You can use the mv command to move a file's location and rename it,
all in one easy step:
mv /home/christine/Pictures/fzll /home/christine/fall
To create several directories and subdirectories at the same time, you need to add the -p parameter: $ mkdir -p New\Dir/Sub\Dir/Under\Dir
rm -ri My\Dir
tree hexo -L 1 hexo ├── \config.yml ├── db.json ├── hexo-org-cache ├── node\modules ├── package.json ├── package-lock.json ├── public ├── scaffolds ├── source └── themes
file my\file my\file: ASCII text
file Mathematica\11.0.0\Keygen.exe Mathematica\11.0.0\Keygen.exe: PE32 executable (console) Intel 80386, for MS Windows
cat -n test1 1 hello 2 3 This is a test file. 4 5 6 That we'll use to $ test the cat command.
more 用 q 退出 less
The tail command displays the last lines in a file (the file's "tail"). By default, it shows the last 10 lines in the file.
tail -n 2 log\file line19 Last line - line20
tail head
The -f parameter is a pretty cool feature of the tail command. It allows you to peek inside a file as the file is being used by other processes. The tail command stays active and continues to display new lines as they appear in the text file. This is a great way to monitor the system log files in real-time mode.
More bash Shell Commands
- ps
By default, the ps command shows only the processes that belong to the current user and that are running on the current terminal.
ps -ef(all full) - top
if your load averages start getting over 2, things are getting busy on your system.
killkillall http*自己可以安装 gotop
- mount
mount -t type device directory
vfat: Windows long filesystem ntfs: Windows advanced filesystem used in Windows NT, XP, and Vista iso9660: The standard CD-ROM filesystem
umount /home/rich/mnt
- df
- du
disk usage
-c : Produces a grand total of all the files listed -h : Prints sizes in human-readable form, using K for kilobyte, M for megabyte, and G for gigabyte -s : Summarizes each argument
- sort
sort -n - grep
grep import fft.py import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from scipy import integrate
- gzip
- tar
tar -cvf test.tar test/ test2/ 打包
tar -xvf 解包
understand shell
cat /etc/passwd […] christine:x:1000:1000:Christine,,,:/home/christine:/bin/bash
On a single line, you can designate a list of commands to be run one after another.
ls ; ls -lh
(ls ; cd /etc ; ls ; echo $BASH_SUBSHELL) 在新的 shell 运行,
运行完不改变工作路径
ls ; cd /etc ; ls ; echo $BASH_SUBSHELL 在本 shell 运行, 运行完到了
/etc 路径
- jobs
jobs command displays any user's processes (jobs) currently running in background mode:
- type
- which
type cd cd is a shell builtin
Using the type -a command shows both types for each of the two commands. Note that the which command shows only the external command file.
- history
Command history is kept in the hidden .bash\history file, which is located in the user's home directory
You can force the command history to be written to the .bash\history file before leaving a shell session. In order to force this write, use the -a option on the history command: history -a
!20 type -a pwd pwd is a shell builtin pwd is /bin/pwd
Command number 20 was pulled from command history. Notice that similar to executing the last command in history, the bash shell first displays the command it is recalling from the shell's history. After the command is displayed, it is executed.
!!上一条命令 - alias
alias -palias li='ls -li'
Using Linux Environment Variables
env or the printenv
- echo
You can also use the echo command to display a variable's value. When referencing an environment variable in this case, you must place a dollar sign ( $ ) before the environmentvariable name
echo $HOME
The dollar sign before a variable name allows the variable to be passed as a command parameter: ls $HOME
- set
The set command displays all variables defined for a specific process, including both local and global environment variables and user-defined variables
echo my\variable my\variable=Hello echo my\variable
If you need to assign a string value that contains spaces, you need to use a single or double quotation mark to delineate the beginning and the end of the string:
my\variable="Hello World"
Notice that for the local variable you defined, you used lowercase letters, while the system environment variables you've seen so far have all used uppercase letters.
- export
export my_variableThis is done by using the export command and the variable name minus the dollar sign
- unset
unset my\variable
If you are doing anything with the variable, use the dollar sign. If you are doing anything to the variable, don't use the dollar sign.
echo $PATH
PATH=$PATH:/home/christine/Scripts添加 PATH 环境变量It is a better idea to create a file ending with .sh in the /etc/profile.d directory. In that file, place all your new or modified global environment variable settings.
软件
- 黑客帝国：cmatrix
- 小火车：sl
- 格言：fortune
- 不断输出字符：yes
play
方法1：
ffplay xxx.avi
方法2：
mplayer -vo caca video.avi
注：参数caca表示彩色字符模式，aa表示黑白字符模式。
w3m
sudo apt-get install w3m w3m-img w3m www.zhihu.com
telnet
telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl
Host
127.0.0.1 localhost 127.0.1.1 dx-PC # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts ::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback fe00::0 ip6-localnet ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
sudo gedit /etc/hosts sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
matlab
mathematica
退出： ctrl D
在linux下一般用scp这个命令来通过ssh传输文件。
1、从服务器上下载文件 scp username@servername:/path/filename /var/www/local\dir（本地目录）
例如scp root@192.168.0.101:/var/www/test.txt 把192.168.0.101上的/var/www/test.txt 的文件下载到/var/www/local\dir（本地目录）
2、上传本地文件到服务器 scp /path/filename username@servername:/path
例如scp var/www/test.php root@192.168.0.101:/var/www 把本机/var/www/目录下的test.php文件上传到192.168.0.101这台服务器上的/var/www/目录中
3、从服务器下载整个目录 scp -r username@servername:/var/www/remote\dir/（远程目录） /var/www/local\dir（本地目录）
例如:scp -r root@192.168.0.101:/var/www/test var/www
4、上传目录到服务器 scp -r local\dir username@servername:remote\dir 例如：scp -r test root@192.168.0.101:/var/www/ 把当前目录下的test目录上传到服务器的/var/www/ 目录
好玩的
ASSIC码电影：
- 在线观看=telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl=
根目录
/etc
即 et cetera. 这下面放的都是一堆零零碎碎的东西. 比如
/etc/fstab存放开机自动挂载的分区./etc/group存放所有的用户组/etc/passwd存放所有的用户信息/etc/issue存放欢迎信息(可借此查看发行版信息)
/bin
权限管理
用户与用户组
用户组
/etc/group 存放了用户组信息, 格式为
组名:口令:组标识号:组内用户列表 |
添加用户组用命令 groupadd , 帮助如下
> groupadd -h |
删除用户组 groupdel , 帮助如下
> groupdel -h |
更改用户组的属性 groupmod .
用户
/etc/passwd 存放了用户信息, 格式为
用户名:口令:用户标识号:组标识号:注释性描述:主目录:登录Shell |
可修改此文件来修改默认的 shell.
添加用户 useradd
> useradd -h |
(不知道 -p 参数是如何用的, 最终还是要 passwd USERNAME 来设置密码)
Reference
- Linux Command Line and Shell Scripting
- 鸟哥